Joshua Wegner Essays - German Idealism, Kantianism,

Joshua Wegner Philosophy 101 12/07/00 Trentacoste Immanuel Kant vs. Joshua Wegner THE RIGHT TO PUNISH: RETRIBUTIVISM As a society we all accept the fact that if you do something wrong you must be held responsible for your actions and pay the consequences. We all accept the concept of punishment, even though we are aware that we, ourselves, could one day be subjected to answer for our actions. While we may all be in favor of punishment in general, it is often debated upon how or why we punish a criminal. According to Immanuel Kant's Retributivism argument, "the punishment must be in exact proportion to the severity of the wrongdoing..." (Kant, 585) Kant believes that crime causes the scale of justice to be imbalanced, and claims that punishment restores that balance. While I agree that Kant's motives for punishment are reasonable, I find his solution to be weak in some areas, and/or absurd. Before one can refute or defend a philosophical argument, he must first understand it. Kant's concept of Retributivism is a simple one; the punishment must equal the crime. It is important to note that Kant defines crimes as "Any transgression of the public law which makes him who commits it incapable of being a citizen" (Kant 586). "While criminals do not actually will their own punishment, their rational selves will the system of laws that involves the punishment they deserve." It is equally important to note that it is only the right of the sovereign as the supreme power to punish. His argument accuses all other standards as being "wavering and uncertain..." "...On account of other considerations involved in them, they contain no principal conformable to the sentence of pure and strict justice." (Kant 587) Everyone has their own ideas on why a criminal should be punished. Maybe it gives us a sense of security. Perhaps it offers us a piece of mind. In some situations, punishment may be thought of as ?help' for the criminal, rehabilitation, or possibly revenge. Along with the vast majority, Kant agrees on the importance of punishment; however, his theory is a little different. Equilibrium. In order for society to be balanced according to Kant, the punishment must equal or ?cancel out' the crime. While I don't disagree with his motives, I feel that there are many that he ignores. Shouldn't we take them all into account? The concept of punishment in itself is rarely questioned; however, the question of how we punish the convicted is still widely debated. According to Kant's theory, the answer is fairly simple: the punishment must fit the crime. Immanuel Kant is definitely one of those "eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth", guys. He looks at society as a scale. Crime is placed on one end, making the scale unbalanced. In order to balance that scale, an equal amount of punishment must go on the other end. The problem occurs when we try to compare crime with punishment. There is no definite amount or degree of punishment that equals a certain amount of crime. It's like comparing a quantity of ?x' with a quantity of ?y'. Without a specific value assigned to both ?x' and ?y', the only way to compare the two is with speculation. Speculation leads to an imprecise resolution, thus resulting in an unbalanced scale (whether it be ever so slight). If there is no definite way to ?balance the scale', Kant's argument proves to be uncertain or fallible. On top of that uncertainty, there are several situations that make Kant's argument more questionable. To help clarify these uncertainties, Kant suggests that, "the undeserved evil which any one commits on another, is to be regarded as perpetrated on himself (Kant, 587)."While his argument provides solutions to many questionable situations, his answers are still a little shaky. Let's take theft, for example. According to Kant, he who steals makes the property of others insecure. Therefore, he robs himself of all property and security. Though he has the will to live, he cannot have or acquire anything. The problem with Kant's argument on theft is that there are varying degrees of theft. Suppose a person robs a bank, while another steals a piece of candy. Should the two suffer the same consequence? According to Kant, they

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buy custom Secure Systems essay Computer security refers to the measures undertaken to protect computer information and property against theft, natural disasters and malicious intentions such as corruption of information. The security system adopted is meant to ensure that only eligible users access the information and computer rooms. Organizations all over the globe adopt various computer security systems that, they deem provide maximum security. Therefore, numerous computer security systems could be chosen. For instance, use of passwords, encryption of data, use of firewalls, locking computer rooms after use, installation of alarms in computer rooms, physical protection by use of security guards.. All these measures would ensure that computer information and properties are secure. There is a growing threat of computer security, which systems are the most secure? According to research, computers security could be ensured by use of passwords. These are the secret codes and numbers that are developed to secure computers against unauthorized individuals. Passwords would ensure that only eligible persons log in to retrieve the desired information. Research asserts that passwords could be actual words or any other desirable character. Lehtinen, Russell, Gangemi (2006) intimate that in order to ensure that computer security is achieved through passwords, the organization should develop unique codes for each department. In addition, passwords should not be leaked to outsiders or unauthorized individuals in the organization as this would lead interference with the information. Each computer and information should be assigned a password that is easy to memorize. Passwords should not be saved in the computers because they could be easily discovered and used for the retrieval of confidential information. Research asserts that individuals must consider the strength of the password before resolving to use it before resolving to adopt it. Attackers through guessing could easily crack weak passwords; therefore, accessing the hidden information. Password effectiveness would also be enhanced by taking care of computer viruses. According to Stallings Brown (2008) an antivirus should be installed in the computer, to ensure that passwords are not affected leading to the ultimate loss of vital information. In cases where passwords have been leaked out, the organization should act faster to change them. Changes would ensure that the original password does not log into the information. This will promote a high degree of protection to organizational details intended for competitive advantage and other vital gains. Data intended for transmission should be encrypted to enhance its security. Data encryption refers to the process by which the information being transmitted is transformed into a read only form using a decryption key. According to research, the decryption key ensures that information being transmitted through the network is safe because one cannot access it without the key used. Information would be safer in case the secret key is only shared among the communicators. This means the intended recipient thus averting any interference or loss of information would only access the information. Gollmann (2011) asserts that the protocols in the database will be protected through encryption thus, ensuring that the principles governing communication are observed to the latter. Encryption would be suitable where the information is shared via the internet, there are many users with different characters and some would want to read and alter the information. Computer users should ensure that they regularly update the encryption to enhance its efficiency. Straub, Goodman, Baskerville (2008) observe that lack of regular updating would lead to loss of vital information or the exposure of the encryption key to unauthorized individuals. Research asserts that encryption is one of the vital computer protection mechanisms because it includes many technicalities especially in the access to information. Under this system, all the information in the database would be safe as it is transmitted. Firewalls are used to enhance computer security. These filters allow communications only under certain circumstances. Research asserts that they are helpful because they eliminate unauthorized network users from accessing the information. According to Newman (2009), firewalls work under rules where they only allow the authorized individuals to access the required information. The rules governing the functioning of firewalls are vital because they determine and weigh clients before allowing for connection. They only connect the authorized networks and eliminate those deemed unauthorized and corruptive to the system information. The clients host name is compare to the existing rules and validity determined. Firewalls provide the owner with numerous warnings in cases where unauthorized attempts to access the information has been made. This would provide for a room, to take corrective measures and ensure enhanced protection. Drab (2011) intimates that in order to ensure firewalls work pr operly, the server should continuously update them. They should not be allowed to run out time. According to research, the secrecy of the computer system would be enhanced by strategically placing the firewall betwee the public network and the organizations intranet. This will make sure that information is filtered before getting into the public domain. The information would not be in a position, to be interfered with because of the control measures existing between these two networks. The closure of computer rooms after use boosts computer security. This is a protective mechanism that ensures computer rooms with valuable information are kept under lock and the keys safely kept. According to research, the organization should not allow its employees to carry the keys to computer rooms freely. Delloite (2011) asserts that keys should be kept at designated places within the organization. In cases where computer rooms are left open, thieves could get in and take away the machines leading to loss of vital information. They could easily take computers perceived to be carrying the organizations strategic decisions; this will retard everything and could lead to negative publicity if the information is altered for personal interest. Unlocked doors could also motivate unauthorized individuals to get into the computer rooms and read the organizations secrets. All this would lead to loss of vital information to outsiders and competitors. Wilshusen (2009) observes that computer rooms should also be closed when vital information is being processed. The system should ensure that the real individuals working on the information access the room. In cases where the keys to the rooms are lost, faster action should be taken to ensure that new padlocks and keys are bought. This is to ensure that lost keys are not used to access the rooms. This security measure would be enhanced by making sure that well made doors and windows are used. Metallic doors are more preferable because they cannot be brought down and in cases of theft, it would be easy to tell. Research asserts that the locking of computer room doors would reinforce other measures put in place because there is no entrance into the place making sure that no passwords are lost. Installation of alarms in computer rooms would promote computer security. Organizations have embraced alarms to boost computer security. These devices warn the concerned individuals of any unauthorized interferences. According to Pooch, Fisch, White, Gregory (1996) alarms should be strategically placed in computer rooms and should be able to detect unauthorized access. Alarms are supposed to work perfectly by raising a concern in advance. Organizations use alarms especially in the prevention of crimes relating to computer loss. The alarm system of protection is effective especially when the computer operator is far away from the computers. Alarms would ensure that they gets to the rooms in time and prevent any form of crime. Research asserts that alarms would be effective if set at secret points where no one can access them. Alarms are vital due to their automatic nature of operation; they are not supposed to be controlled but automatically detect unauthorized individuals and raise a call. The alarm should be regularly checked to ensure it functions to the maximum. Pooch, Fisch, White, Gregory (1996), intimate that any deviations in its working should be sense and corrective measures taken to increase its efficiency. The alarm system of protection would be vital in large organizations where operations are dispersed. This is because of the large distance covered by the alarms warning. A central control system should be set up to oversee the operations of alarms and make sure they are not interfered with. They should always be modified to achieve the desired quality and continued efficiency. Human security is a vital security measure. This is a physical protection measure for computers. This is a system where guards are employed and assigned the different sections in the computer areas. They would be there to ensure that only authorized individuals get access to the computer rooms. Individuals are supposed to identify themselves before getting into information processing rooms. Guards ensure that computers are safe from thieves. According to research, they provide maximum security, which would ensure not all computer system is interfered with. Lehtinen, Russell, Gangemi (2006) observe that human security is vital in computer protection because it provides a more physical sense of protection as guards are able to look at the vents as they occur. Strict guards would ensure all the computers are safe by ensuring that everyone getting into the rooms is frisked and ordered to give the purpose for the visit to computer rooms. This kind of system would provide an automatic bar rier to malicious individuals especially if the guards are not subject to being changed through bribes. Under this security measure, organizations should consider it necessary to move or change the guards if there are any signs of conflict of interest. This would make sure that quality protection is achieved thus, putting off any fears of computer losses. Research asserts that human security would be vital especially in large organizations to complement other security measures. Human beings would provide security to both the computer information and machine theft. The security provided by guards is trustworthy because of its physical nature. Guards should also be fairly paid to ensure quuality work is done. The adoption of wireless transmission ensures computer security. Wireless transmissions would be vital in keeping off hackers. This is because they mostly depend on physical means to access data transmitted over the networks. This security measure would ensure that data transferred across the networks is as intact as possible. Hackers and other unauthorized individuals are not able to access the information and alter it because they are unaware of the source and contents. This vital security measure would ensure the organization is in a better position, to communicate and exchange information over long distance without fear of loss of confidentiality. Wilshusen (2009) points out that a stronger wireless transmission is adopted to boost the protective quality of the information. The transmitted information would thus be received in the desired format. Research asserts that the use of wireless transmission would ensure that the information is transported at a faster rate through the ne twork hence leaving no possibility for interference with the information. Wireless transmission ensures that the intended persons only open the information sent or received. It is a security measure that adopts basic technology leading to reduced costs. Cloud computing is being used as a security system. This method ensures several individuals share information transmission channels. According to research, it is ensures that computers are protected because it helps in the storage of user accounts in a remote database. This will ensure that no unauthorized individual accesses them to change and cause any other kind of harm to the documents. Cyberspace Policy Review (2011) asserts that cloud computing acts as a hindrance for unauthorized individuals willing to access the computer at any point because of the rules and procedures required. It demands numerous authentication details before allowing one to access the information. Stallings Brown (2008) asserts that this security measure works well when managed in an efficient manner. Steps should be taken to ensure that cloud computing is effective. It should not be interfered with because it could lead to the unexpected exposure of secret information. Employees should not be allowed to abuse cloud computing because it would be inefficient in its further operations. According to research, cloud computing should be updated every moment to make sure it is in line with the existing trends. Cloud computing is also used to reinforce other security measure such as passwords due to its demand for such codes before access is allowed. In addition, it protects the initial details of all the information that is sent. There are many computer security systems. All of these methods are vital because they complement each other in ensuring the safety of computers. They are all vital techniques of ensuring there is a maximum security to the computers. According to research, all the computer protection systems have positive and negative sides. For instance, passwords could be easily forgotten leaving to the loss of vital information. Firewalls are negative because they could easily malfunction and lead to the loss of data. Computer threats are on an increase, but it is difficult for one to determine the best to use among the large collection. According to research, no method is better than the other is. This is because all computer protection systems carry both positive and negative impacts. Cyberspace Policy Review (2011) asserts that there is no protection system superior to the rest because they mainly complement each other in their operation. Research indicates that, for the success of an organizati on, all these methods need to be unified for maximum security, to be achieved. None of the methods is self-reliant. This is enough to prove that there is no instant of superiority among all the methods. They should be incorporated and complemented to achieve the best for the organization. In conclusion, computer security refers to the undertaking of steps to protect computer information and machines against losses. There are numerous computer security systems. Passwords are helpful in ensuring that unauthorized individuals do not access secret information. They supposed to be regularly altered in cases of discovery. Firewalls are security measures that are used to filter information and respective users. It ensures that the information is only available to legal users. Alarms provide an efficient form of security especially in machine theft. They cover large distances and are suitable for computer theft prevention in large companies. Human security is a form of physical security that could be adopted to protect computers. They protect both data details and machines from losses. Guards could be regularly changed and rotated to ensure that they work and deliver efficiently. Organizations are using cloud computing as a security technique. Under cloud computing, one is no t able to access details as they are stored in the remote database. Wireless transmissions are vital security measures that deny hackers an opportunity to alter information. Computer protection methods are numerous, and there is none that is superior compared to others because they continuously depend on each other for success. 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Making a video in ESL class

Making a video in ESL class Making a video in English class is a fun way to get everyone involved while using English. Its project based learning at its best. Once you finish, your class will have a video to show off to friends and family, theyll have practiced a wide range of conversational skills from planning and negotiating to acting, and theyll have put their technological skills to work. However, making a video can be a big project with lots of moving pieces. Here are some tips on how to manage the process while involving the whole class. Ideation Youll need to come up with an idea for your video as a class. Its important to match class abilities to your video goals. Dont choose functional skills that students dont possess and always keep it fun. Students should enjoy and learn from their experience filming, but not be too stressed out about language requirements as theyll already be nervous about how they look. Here are some suggestions for video topics: Study Skills - Students can break into groups and produce a scene about a specific study skill, or a tip on how to study.Functional Skills - Have students create scenes focusing on functional skills such as ordering at a restaurant, job interviewing, leading a meeting, etc.Grammar Skills - Students can include slides asking the viewer to pay attention to specific structures and then act out short scenes focusing on tense usage or other grammar points. Finding Inspiration Once youve decided on your video as a class, go to YouTube and look for similar videos. Watch a few and see what others have done. If youre filming something more dramatic, watch scenes from TV or a movie and analyze to gain inspiration on how to film your videos. Delegating Delegating responsibilities is the name of the game when producing a video as a class. Assign individual scenes to a pair or small group. They can then take ownership of this part of the video from storyboarding to filming and even special effects. Its very important that everyone has something to do. Teamwork leads to a great experience. When making a video, students who dont want to be in the video can take on other roles such as editing the scenes with a computer, doing make-up, making voice overs for charts, designing instructional slides to be included in the video, etc. Storyboarding Storyboarding is one of the most important tasks in creating your video. Ask groups to sketch out each section of their video with instructions on what should happen. This provides the roadmap for the video production. Believe me, youll be glad youve done it when editing and putting together your video. Scripting Scripting can be as simple as a general direction such as Talk about your hobbies to specific lines for a soap opera scene. Each group should script a scene as they see fit. Scripting should also include any voiceovers, instructional slides, etc. Its also a good idea to match the script to the storyboard with snippets of text to help with production. Filming Once youve got your storyboards and scripts ready, its on to filming. Students who are shy and dont want to act can be responsible for filming, directing, holding cue cards, and more. Theres always a role for everyone - even if its not on screen! Creating Resources If youre filming something instructional, you may want to include other resources such as instructional slides, charts, etc. I find it helpful to use presentation software to create the slides and then export as .jpg or other image format. Voiceovers can be recorded and saved as .mp3 files to add to the film. Students who arent filming, can work on creating resources needed or each group can create their own. Its important to decide as a class which template youd like to use, as well as image sizes, font choices, etc. This will save a lot of time when putting together the final video. Putting the Video Together At this point, youll have to put it all together. There are numerous software packages that you can use such as Camtasia, iMovie, and Movie Maker. This can be quite time consuming and aggravating. However, youll probably find a student or two who excel in using storyboarding software to create complex videos. Its their chance to shine!

Film Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Film Evaluation - Essay Example e tortured and abducted women, and quest of certain individuals, who benevolently wish to put an end to such heinous practice so that the world can be a better place to live. Casting of the film does not include giant names from the Hollywood film industry, however, collaborative and sincere acting efforts by Kevin Kline, Cesar Ramos, Paulina Gaità ¡n, and Alicja Bachleda-Curus have attempted to provide a realist impression of the horror of the situation that looms heavy over women even in the modern context of human civilization. This film speaks of a world, where women are subjects of sensual pleasure and financial benefit; where a mother does not hesitate to sell her innocent daughter to satisfy her monetary requirements; where believers of God are indulged in the business of human trafficking; where moral corruption is a regular and normal practice. The name of the film, Trade immediately gives a symbolic impression that every aspect of human life has become commoditized and the essential virtues, such as tenderness, emotion, humanity, and valuing relationship have been defeated in comparison to such commoditization. Despite the fact that in the end of the film, the protagonists have received the chance to get back to their dear ones, but the situation of crisis retains and it has also been made clear through the film that unless immediate actions are taken and human beings do not fight against the present situation, the process of denying human entity will continue and they will increasingly remain as the subjects of trade. Story: Story of the film revolves around lives and experiences of Adriana and Jorge, who are brother and sister in their relation. Residing in the Mexico City, while Jorge has become quite a ruffian due to his close association with wrong friends, on the other, he is very much caring towards his sister and loves her truly. However, in the very beginning of the film, it has been shown that the business of human trafficking for sexual slavery

Quantitative research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Quantitative research - Assignment Example The sample represents the teenage population in one village in the Capricorn district of the Limpopo province (Babbie & Mouton, 2009). This indicates that the study was only considering the pregnant teenagers in that geographic sector. The sample therefore represents the part of population that has the highest number of individuals. Eligibility criteria and delimitations are not clearly shown in the research article. This is because the sample that aided in the research did not require formalities such as education background and financial issues. In addition, the study was based on facts in the area of operation and not assumptions. According to the issue in the area of study, the study sample was adequate because generation of reliable information was possible from the sample. This facilitates the concept of relevance in a study. The instruments were reliable and valid since they were straight to the main objective of the study (Babbie & Mouton, 2009). In addition, the translation into the local language created a greater understanding and establishment was prior to the study. The rise in the number of teenage pregnancies is resulting to a great concern and being more critical. The situation requires urgent and appropriate action to prevent family disintegration (Babbie & Mouton,

Ford Upmarket Essay Example for Free

Ford Upmarket Essay History In 1989 Ford bought Jaguar for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.5 billion as the vehicle to take Ford upmarket into the luxury car market. After three years of Ford been in charge sales had plunged and Ford was losing à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1 million a day from Jaguar. Ford saved Jaguar by cutting jobs and replacing nearly all of the facilities and procedures. Now 80% of the workforce has been replaced by Kawasaki robots with are cheaper in the long term, able to work constantly and are accurate to a tenth of a millimetre. They started making cars with the aim for the cars to be the best quality and therefore more desirable. With better quality and brand sales increased and Jaguar started new models e.g. the S class and increased production and within the next few years hope to be top in the luxury car market. Ownership The owner Ford holds a larger market share which includes: Aston Martin, Jaguar, Land Rover, Lincoln, Mercury, Volvo Cars and a 25% share in Mazda. This could be good and bad for Jaguar. Ford might see Jaguar as expendable and might be willing to dissolve the company or to sell it to another of the big car companies as it has Aston Martin and Land Rover for its luxury target group or if the company is not profitable. So Jaguar needs a strong emphasis on profit. If the company was taken over there might be a divorce of ownership where control and objectives might not be achieved therefore weakening the companies position. This is where the board do not act in the interests of the shareholders and managers may try to improve their own careers or bank balances while not worrying about the companys interests. Jaguar is a self-contained business that makes all their own decisions from designing new models, their finance and producing cars through their own board of directors who are elected at Jaguars annual general meeting by their shareholders. These directors would have contact with Ford so they would know what Fords plans are for Jaguar and departments e.g. Finance would interact with Ford to update them with Jaguars current performance. Ford has incorporated Jaguar, which means they have a separate legal identity, which diminishes some of their responsibility. So if Jaguar where to go bankrupt Ford would only be responsible to pay back the money they have put into the company. Because the company has limited responsibility it is able to gain wider borrowing opportunities, this allows the business to grow easier. This also has its disadvantages this adds to the administrative costs due to the accounts need to be audited. They also have to hold annual meetings of shareholders and they must publish annual reports to the general public when requested. Because Jaguar is independent to ford it is able to make its own decisions while enjoying the additional skills e.g. parts, contacts, technology, and higher skilled staff. This was especially import in the early years when Ford bought in specialist managers reform the companies employee structure and cultures and to overturn the company into a profitable organisation. With the extra skills Ford bring this improves the quality of the cars and increases sales. With the increased skills and capital Jaguar has been able to expand and grow. Jaguar is a public limited company where shares in the company can be bought across the stock market. Because of this Jaguar has to produce an annual report and detailed reports to shareholders and potential investors therefore this means extra administrative costs. Been a public limited company makes it easier for Jaguar to raise extra funds, they can sell more shares or they can get lower interest on loans because they are seen by lenders as a lower risk investment. Suppliers also offer listed companies better credit facilities because they are considered less likely to default payments. Like BAS Ltd in Gwent, Wales that produce trim for some Jaguar models. A company like this likes to have a guaranteed regular income and a big company like Jaguar provides this. To attract Jaguar BAS Ltd are likely to offer more attractive credit facilities. Because anyone is able to buy shares in the company it is open to takeovers. If someone buys 30% of the shares they must put an offer in for the whole company. The trouble with being a public limited company for Jaguar is the stock market investors place a lot of emphasis on short-term performance rather than long-term objectives. So if Jaguar invests a lot of money in the development of a new model the short-term performance might drop but will increase dramatically in the long term. Jaguar is very beneficial to its ownership. When Ford took over Jaguar it helped it upgrade its designs and manufacturing facilities as well as new models. It also provided high-class managers to revive the company and provided suppliers, technology while still allowing Jaguar to run its company itself. Controlling design, finance, production issues though their own board. The limited liability allows Jaguar to take reasonable business risks e.g. investing in a new car model. Jaguar been a plc allows it to raise funds if needed but leaves itself to takeovers which could lead to the companys position been weakened. Been a pubic limited company places emphasis on the importance of short-term performance. Objectives Each Organisation has objectives, which must be achieved in order to fulfil the corporate aims. The purpose of these is to create a common vision, which everyone in the organisation should work towards achieving. Businesses exist to provide goods and services these have to satisfy the customers wants and needs. The objectives of a business are set to show the employees the way they need to operate. The seven main objectives for any business are: * Making a profit * Increasing market share * Surviving * Providing services to the community * Offering non-profit services (e.g. caring for the environment) * Developing staff skills * Producing a high quality products or services Making a profit is key for a business to survive and prosper it allows the business to keep its shareholders happy, it can attract better employees by offering higher wages and it can invest in better technology and therefore producing a better quality product. The failure to make a profit leads to a loss of confidence within the company. This causes a ripple effect, if a business makes a loss the employees are less secure and fear they will lose their jobs which can lead to less efficient production, the shareholders profits go down so they sell the shares which devalue the company, the suppliers are worried if they will get paid for they parts or services and they might stop providing parts for the company until they are paid and the government are worried because they will receive less tax if the company is making a loss. Though the opposite happens if the company is making a profit the employees fell safe and secure so are happy and willing to work hard the shareholders dividends increase so they are happy and making a profit will make the business seem a good investment so more people buy shares and therefore the value of the company increases. The suppliers feel secure and believe they will get paid on time for their goods and services and the government are happy because they will receive higher taxes from the company. Profit can be closely associated with increasing sales/ or market share normally companies with high sales levels or which have a large share of a particular market are best placed to make high profits. Most large international firms like to have a high market share as an objective because it enhances the image of the organisation and places the business in a strong position compared with rivals. This makes the business look like it has ambition and makes the workers feel safe if they know the company is expanding rather than reducing jobs. Most small businesses starting ups main objective is usually to survive. Survival is about continuing into the foreseeable future, the company may not be the most profitable straight away but if it still exists there is a good possibility it will in the future when the company gets better known and gets more customers. For example Microsoft didnt make a profit in their first year but they survived and within years there yearly profit was in the millions. Survival is not necessarily only for small companies sometimes large companies need to survive. Currently Royals Mails main objective is to reduce the current loses in order to survive. They where losing a million pounds a day but due to job cuts, more efficient work practices and the increase in the price of stamps they are slowly reducing the losses. Most organisations include objectives related to developing people at work in their list of objectives. Businesses now recognise many new ideas come from the workers and it is usually the workers themselves who deal directly with the customers so it is important to develop the skills of the workers so they interact better with the customers and ensuring the customer is entirely satisfied. Workers would need to be trained to use any new technology and money can be saved if current employees can be trained to use the technology rather than new workers been needed. Many companies aim to produce high quality products but not all always succeed. Providing quality means the customers are totally satisfied with the product and the companies want the customer to keep buying their product. The most expensive product is not always the best quality the key for businesses is to make the best quality product they can for their cheapest price. Quality is very important because the customer will choose which organisation to do business with on the basis of their ability to satisfy customer requirements and usually the customer choosing the best quality product. Jaguars business objectives are: * To produce a high quality product * To create a good reputation for the company * To have high satisfaction * To be profitable and to keep costs under control * To recognise environmental issues * To train employees and to keep all staff completely safe in their working environment Jaguars aim to produce a high quality product is key to their success, they try to build their reputation on this and this provides customer satisfaction so customers repeatedly buy Jaguars. Jaguar try to keep a high reputation based on providing a high quality product, for a competitive price and to provide excellent customer satisfaction through the product, dealers and customer services. Jaguar been profitable is vital for the company to be able to expand and to keep the shareholders happy. If they are making a profit they will attract more investors, which mean extra money the train staff and integrate new technology into the production process. Jaguar aim to keep costs under control so the customers pay the least amount they have to it also allows the company to maximise its profit. Jaguars aim to recognise environmental issues is a non-profit making objective but it enhance the working environment making the workers happy and it improves the companies reputation Because it is seen to be caring for the local area. Jaguars aim to train staff enables them to make decisions on behalf of the organisation. This makes them more independent workers and more efficient workers. Functional Areas A business has several resources at its disposal known collectively as factors of production. For each production process the producer will need a wider range of resources before production is possible. Factors of production can be divided into land, labour, capital and enterprise. At Jaguar the land is where the factory is located, it is also all the resources of nature. Labour is the effort by worker to carry out specified tasks. Within Jaguar there are many functional areas and labour would be used on the production line, marketing specialists, car designers etc. The capital can be either physical capital in the form of machines and at jaguar the robots and production line. Capital can also be the money usually borrowed from banks to purchase the physical capital. Enterprise is the factor that brings the other factors together to produce the goods. At Jaguar the enterprise is the shareholders of the business and the management team s initiative in bringing together the various ele ments to form a successful business. Jaguar is split into several functional areas in order to carry out its operations involving the use of factors of production to produce a high quality product. Each of Jaguars functional areas needs to work together through good communication to process resources into final outputs. For example the human resource department needs information from the production department so they know what staff training is required or if any new staff are needed. The main functional areas within Jaguar are: * Finance * Production * Research and Development * Human Resources * Marketing * Administration Each department has a director or manager who has set responsibilities, which need to be carried out for the department to meet its aim. Production Department The production manager at Jaguar is responsible for making sure the components get turned into a finished car. The manager needs to ensure work is carried out efficiently and to the highest standard possible through checks and supervision. At Jaguar the production process can be split into five sub-functions: The production and planning department, The purchasing department, The store department, The design and technical support department and the works department. The production and planning department sets targets for each cell on the production line, each cell will have pre-set values of what the standard of the product must be when it leaves if its not up to standard it will be rejected. A comparator checks the product as it leaves the cell and checks it against the pre-set value. The comparator has the power to change the inputs or the processes in the production line to ensure outputs are of the expected quality and quantity. At Jaguar the production process has been refined so there is little chance of the product not been up to standard and they have researched and use the best suppliers, all this leads to the product been of the highest standard. The purchasing department is responsible in ordering the components for the cars from the different suppliers so the production process is kept running smoothly. The store department at Jaguar is responsible for stocking all the components used in the production process and to ensure the parts are transported onto the production line when required. At Jaguar this is vital, parts need to be on the production line so the line is kept running and doesnt need to constantly stop. The design and technical support department is responsible for researching modifications to working practices, the department is responsible for estimating costs of these new processes. The works department at Jaguar is split into small cells, which are responsible for their part in the production process. The cells are responsible for the maintenance of the production line, the actual manufacturing of the car and the quality control and inspection of the product. Finance Department The Finance department can be split in four functions: Financial accounting function, Management accounting function, the cashiers department and the wages department. The financial accounting function is responsible for keeping day-to-day records and is responsible for producing the annual reports and figures for directors meetings. Accounts must be kept of all money paid to suppliers and the money paid to Jaguar from dealers from sales. The management accounting function provides managers with figures to help them make decisions about the company. For example figures showing the best place to produce the cars to maximise profit while still keeping quality high. The cashiers department at Jaguar would be responsible for all the cash transactions and other payments through bank accounts. The wages department will be responsible for supervising the payroll. Calculations involving deductions for national insurance, pensions etc would be required. Human Resources The purpose of human resources is to recruit, develop and utilise the companys personnel in the most efficient way to meet the companys aims and objectives. Basically they recruit or train staff to make sure all work is done thoroughly so aims and objectives can be made. Companies recruit staff to ensure they have a suitable number of employees with appropriate skills for all tasks to be completed. The three stages are: 1. Researching from other departments to determine the requirements of the company. 2. Getting candidates with the right skills and experience to apply. 3. Choosing the best candidate for the job. Companies will need to recruit staff when: * An existing employee leaves due to retirement or going to another company. * An employee is promoted, creating a vacancy. * An increase in workload occurs. * The company requires employees with additional skills to develop a new project or control new technology. The best companies will have the best workforce and the most efficient workforce, which are able to adapt to tasks set and any difficulties if they occur. To do this they need to attract the best staff when a vacancy arises. Most human resource departments would produce an outline of the qualities they would look for in the applicant and would help produces criteria to select the best candidate. The vacancy can be filled to ways from within the company or from the outside. There are two types of training, which are on the job training and off the job training. On the job training is the process of instructing employees at their place of work on how a particular job should be carried out. This usually watching an experienced operative carry out a task, or actually undertaking the activity and been guide t the appropriate technique. Off the job training is any form of training not immediately linked to a specific task. It may take place within the firm or away from it e.g. at local technical colleges. Remuneration is the whole package of rewards offered by an organisation to an employee. This will include additional benefits, such as a pension scheme, share options, company car etc as well as basic pay. Administration The administrative department is important because it services the work of the organisation. The department deals with enquires, communicating messages and producing documents for the workforce. At Jaguar the admin department is responsible for communicating the times of meetings to employees and they produce word-processed documents for notice boards communicating safety issues etc. Problems can happen when administrators clog the process with red tape this is where administrative work moves the organisation away from its central objectives. Within the admin department the role of information and communications technology is important. ICT is the techniques by which information is obtained, processed and disseminated. ICT is important because it provides guidance, support and co-ordination necessary for t the companies to meet its objectives. Marketing The marketing department need to identify want the company wants and then needs to get the company to produce what the customer wants. They do this by carrying out market research to find out what the customers wants, the price they are willing to pay and what the customer would like the product to be. At Jaguar they recognise people want quality cars for affordable prices and Jaguar try to do this. They allow the customer to choose the specification of the product so they get want they want and don t have to compromise. It is important for the marketing department within Jaguar to communicate effectively with the production planning department so the customers wants and needs can be tied in with the product. The other main job of the marketing department is sale this is to get the customer to want what the company produces and this is usually done through effective marketing. Jaguar does this through television advertisements, the formula one car, sponsoring events, brochures etc. Research and Development At Jaguar the research and development is used to developing new ranges and models through concept cars, which are expensive to produce, but it is cheaper to produce a prototype then see what the public think of rather than mass-producing a new model and then it didnt sell because the consumers didnt like it, it would a financial disaster. Because in the car market there are always new cars been bought out by Jaguars competitors new improved products are vital for the company to remain successful. The R D department is also used to create new operational processes. The R D department of Jaguar also gets money to do exploratory work which produces no benefits in the short time but the development of new technology or better parts can be beneficial in the future of Jaguar. How These Functional Ares Help Jaguar Meet Its Objectives Because Jaguar had a clear set out list of objectives these can be translated down to the different functional areas, this allows each functional area to be driven by the companys objectives. Jaguars clear objectives of: * Producing a high quality product * Training employees and keeping a safe working environment * To create complete satisfaction These clear objectives allow the functional areas to combine effectively and allow to company to pull together and work in a co-ordinated way. Without these clear objectives Functional areas might have different views in how the company should move forward, this leads to areas creating there own objectives and cultures and they companies overall aims dont get achieved. The use of ICT within Jaguar allows the functional areas to work effectively and they dont have to be in the same building. For example the marking department in one place can tell the production-planning department in a different place what the customer wants so this allows the customer to be completely satisfied with the product. The cells in the production process allow Jaguar to effectively meet its objective of producing a quality product because the quality of the product is been checked at every stage on the production process. Jaguars marketing department sustains Jaguars high reputation through effective and positive advertising, and through promoting things like Jaguars aim to help environmental issues. Organizational Cultures The culture of a company is the attitudes and approaches that typify the way staff carry out their tasks. The culture type of a company depends on the companies objectives and the culture of a company, because of this there are four main culture types: Power, Role, Task, Person. Power cultures are usually found in small businesses where control rests with a single person or small group of people. Emphasis is on individuals rather than group decision-making so decisions are made quickly and they are able to react to dangers or threats. Because this style is autocratic and staff can suffer from low moral. Task cultures are usually found where work is organised into teams with people moving between tasks. The objectives will be related to the task the teams are performing. Teams have input in determining how a particular job will be done. In person cultures the objectives are related to meeting the needs of the individuals who make up the organisation. Person cultures are found within co-operative organisations or charitable organisations but not profit making enterprises. Jaguar has a role culture, it is structured in a hierarchical way and the organisation is divided into a number of functions. In Jaguars culture power comes from the employees position in the organisation. The organisation gets its strength from its functions, peoples jobs, what people do at different levels is determined by job descriptions and defined communication procedures. Rules and procedures are the main source of influence and power comes from the persons position in the company. Because Jaguar have this culture there administrative function need to efficient and the company need clear objectives because red tape can effect them meeting their objectives. From Deal and Kennedys model of culture based on Risk and feedback Jaguar has a work ha rd play hard culture. Jaguars employees take few risks, all with quick feedback; the primary cultural value is to supply the customer with a quality product. Management Style Management style is the way a management role is carried out over a period of time. There are three main types of management style: Autocratic, Bureaucratic and Democratic. Autocratic managers are used to giving instructions. There is a strong emphasis on authoritarian management and communication within the company is usually one-way. The advantages with this is there are clear lines of authority and everyone within the company knows who is boss, important decisions can be made quickly and if the leader is skilled and charismatic it can produce high quality work within the business. The trouble with this style is employees can feel frustration and resentment towards the boss, the employees can become too dependent on the leader and the employees have no participation in decision making. Bureaucratic management styles rely on doing thing according to the rulebook and because of this there is little opportunity for initiative to be shown. The advantages with this style are: it can produce consistency, everyone knows where they stand and employees can feel comfortable because of the predictable. Employees can show resentment towards the management because of the lack of participation, the rulebook doesnt always have the answers and this style is useless if there are circumstances of great change. Managers at companies need to adopt the necessary management style to develop a flexible workforce. When workers are allowed to contribute to decisions they feel more valued and more of a part of the company. The managers are responsible for achieving the overall objectives and strategy of the business. Jaguar has a strong emphasis on democratic management. Production line workers are grouped into cells with a team leader. The team is given production targets to meet but then decides how it will go about meeting these targets. The team meets to discuss what is going well and what is going badly and suggest ideas for improvement. The team then has the responsibility for putting their own ideas into practice. Several factors affect the leadership of the management these are: The skills of the manager and the workforce, the time constraints of the task, the risk and the nature of the risk. Within Jaguar there is plenty of time to discuss matters and only a low chance of it going wrong, the style is therefore democratic. Jaguars approach to management makes the employees more motivated and they show greater commitment. Managers need to be flexible to allow for change in circumstances in the company. Importance and Channels of Communication at Jaguar Communication is important within a business because it allows management to plan, coordinate and control a business but this needs high quality two-way communication. For communication to be effective it needs to be communicated the best way and at the most effective time through the best channel. These factors will depend on the type of information which is needed to be passed on with Jaguar large amounts of data in accounts would be best communicated in a report but a reminder of a cell meeting might be better in a notice on a board or through face to face communication. There are many channels of communication used within Jaguar and different types of communication. The methods of communication at Jaguar are: * Downward communication * One-way communication * Two-way communication * Formal communication * Informal communication Downward communication is where information goes from the top down, from superior to subordinate. One-way communication is when information is passed on with no feedback at Jaguar this communication is used when notices are put up. Two-way communication is where information has feedback through discussion. This allows Jaguars employees to suggest improvements or changes to managers. Formal communication is where information is passed on using the companies communication channels e.g. departmental meetings, cell meetings at Jaguar. Informal communication uses the workers own channels e.g. work of mouth. The methods of communication at Jaguar are: * Corporate videos * Annual reports * Team briefings * Memos * Letters * Faxes * E-mails * Internet * Television * Brochures The methods of communication are not only to allow the workers to know what is going on in the company. It is also is important to communicate to existing and potential customers. They do this television adverts, brochures, the Jaguar website, and promotional tours and videos. Effective communication can improve motivation and lead to better decision making internally; it can also provide better links and feedback with external groups such suppliers and consumers. Because Jaguar has a strong democratic management style it is vitally important to have effective two-way communication because the views of the employees are vital for improvement and motivation. Jaguar is a large company with many layers in their employment structure, which can cause problems with communication. Poor communication can lead to poor motivation, co-ordination and control difficulties. The employees can also get confused of what is required from them and what input they have. How the production process adds value Adding value to a product simply means making it more desirable to the final customer so the customer is willing to buy more products at higher prices. To add value to a product the product needs to meet the customer requirements or inputs need to be combined to create a physical change in the product. Most businesses use one of the following methods of production * Project production * Job production * Batch production * Line production * Continuous flow production. Project production involves binging people with different skills and different resources to complete a one off project. Job production is where a company produces one or a small number of items. The company may work on several jobs at a time so it is important that they have new jobs to replace the ones that are nearly completely. Batch production is where a number of identical or similar items are produced in a set or batch. Batch production involves work being passed from one stage to another each been highly planned. The items need not be for any specific customer but are made at regular intervals in specific quantities. Continuous flow production involves producing for twenty-four hours a day, using automatic equipment in a standardised way. Continuous flow is entirely controlled by computers and humans do not touch the product. This means there are fewer labour costs and very few mistakes the production line is also quicker and more efficient. Jaguar use a line production process this is where the product goes along a production line going through the same sequence of operations. The trouble with this has been the car buyer wants there car to be different and distinctive in some way. Jaguar have recognised the customer requirements and now allow the customer to personalise there car, by allowing them to choose interior, colour and mechanical spec. Customers appreciate this and are willing to pay slightly higher for this. Nowadays the customers recognise good quality and are willing to pay extra for it. Quality Management is achieved by Jaguar by: * Quality Control- detecting and cutting out components that fall below set standards. * Quality assurance, which tries to stop faults form happening in the first place. Jaguars aim is to produce zero defects. * Total quality management is concerned with creating a quality culture. Jaguar try to get every employee to seek to delight customers. They aim to produce zero effects by ordering components from reliable suppliers who themselves have a total quality management culture. To improve quality Jaguar has introduced robots and automation into the production process. Automatics are when a machine can be set to do a particular job and robotics is an application of automatic control. The benefits of using robots are: * People can be replaced by robots in mundane jobs, where human intelligence is not required; at Jaguar this is the routine assembly work. * Robots can be used where working conditions are difficult or dangerous * Robots are used during the welding process and are accurate to a tenth to a millimetre and it takes them seconds compared to humans who make mistakes. The introduction of the robots requires large initial capital but they dont get paid wages or have days off. And are able to produce perfect work over and over again making Jaguars are of the highest possible standard. Jaguar uses CAD, CNC, CIM and CAM to improve quality and the product as a whole. CAM stands for computer aided manufacturing. It is the use of computers to support the manufacturing process. CAM controls the robots and the track, it controls the speed of the machine so they are working in the most efficient way and CAM is a driving force in line production because of its high levels of quality control. CAD stands for computer aided design and is the use of computers to assist in the production of designs and drawings for the use in the manufacturing. This allows Jaguar to test new production techniques on the computer to test them for faults and problems it is also used by the design team to view new designs rather than making models. It allows Jaguar to be more flexible and safes time. CNC is used to control machines for cutting and shaping metal. Jaguar uses this because it is more reliable than humans and improves quality and reduces waste. CIM stands for computer-integrated manufacture this is used to integrate various elements of the manufacturing process. Design is a key aspect of adding value; a well-designed product will stand out from rivals and win customer loyalty. Good design can offer functionality, style and visual impact. This is why Jaguars R D department and design and technical support department have large budgets and spend long periods of time perfecting the design so it stands out and adds value.

Nathaniel Wests Miss Lonelyhearts Essay -- Literary Analysis

â€Å"Life is worth while, for it is full of dreams and peace, gentleness and ecstasy, and faith that burns like a clear white flame on a grim dark altar.† So begins the correspondence of the novella of Nathaniel West, Miss Lonelyhearts (1933). West's work was not only a reaction to the national problems of the Great Depression but to the personal problems generated by the it, and not only for the general public but for himself also. West brought an element of the demure into his writing that characterized both the economic and emotional depression that the 1929 crash had generated among many people in the nation throughout the 1930's. In fewer than sixty pages, West forms a clear critique of both the personal and national lives of American citizens of the early nineteen hundreds. From a clear disregard for the well-being of others to a lack of respect for the world itself, West clearly qualifies the shortcomings of those individuals. Far from solely casting the stone at those outside of himself, West is wont to use the literary figure as both a setting for the turmoil of someone affected by such shortcomings and the vehicle for personal desire, destruction, or change. The power of West's novella lies in its simple depiction of the personal struggle of humanity and decidedly complex representation of humanity's societal struggle. While personal problem's in west's world can be comforted simply by the careful wordsmith, not even the most concerned citizen may alleviate the problems generated by society alone. West uses a depth of imagery and strong character relationships to illustrate the suffering caused by dependence on a society which lacks beauty at every turn. West's leading character, a newsman who writes an advice column and t... ...nard, Rita. "The Storyteller, the Novelist, and the Advice Columnist: Narrative and Mass Culture in "Miss Lonelyhearts""  NOVEL: A Forum on Fiction  27.1 (1993): 40-61. Print. Hanlon, Robert M. "The Parody of the Sacred in Nathanael West's Miss Lonelyhearts."  The International Fiction Review  (1977): 190-93. Print Light, James F. "Miss Lonelyhearts: The Imagery of Nightmare."  American Quarterly  8.4 (1956): 316-27. Print. Lynch, Richard P. "Saints and Lovers: 'Miss Lonelyhearts' in the Tradition - Page 8 | Studies in Short Fiction."  Find Articles at BNET | News Articles, Magazine Back Issues & Reference Articles on All Topics. Web. 10 Dec. 2010. . West, Nathanael, and Nathanael West.  Miss Lonelyhearts: & the Day of the Locust. New York: New Directions, 2009. Print.

Gender Inequality Essay

Gender inqualities often stem from social structures that have instiutionalized conceptions of gender differences. Gender inequality has been around for centuries. In many family homes, their lives evolve around gender roles. The responibilties in the family are allocated to their sex (gender). There are certain tasks which are usually allocated to males and females. Some see this division as biologolical differences between the sexes and others see it happening in cultural backgrounds. There are sociological theories that have tended to see gender roles as natural and inevitable. Talcott Parsons, suggested that within the modern nuclear family it was essential that one parent, (the father) performed the instrumental role of the leader and provider whilst the mother performed the expressive role of giving psychological support and taking responsibilty for socialising children. This made sense because women give birth to and nurse their children. It’s a typical sterotype, that is engrained in both men and women. Gender is seen closely related to the roles and behaviour assigned to women and men based on their sexual differences. As children we learn and adapt to specific gender roles, and as we grow they become more evident and more important to our role in a society. There is more married women that work outside of the home and some men spend more time at home with their families. Martial roles have become increasingly similar. Historians of the family have made it show how gender roles in the family are socially constructed. The roles pllayed by men and women in any history poont may seem natural and inevitable. When you look back to the past, you see how much its changed according to the reguirements of society and the needs of families at particular times. During the latter of the 20th century the views began to change but still stained ideologies from the past they still exist ath the brink of the 21st century. 82% of women (wives and girlfriends) still do the housework according to a new study in Britain, but when it comes to housework, we are back in the 50s. For the females of today we can pretty much do anything we like, join the army, be a prime misiter, run a company or be a stay at home mum. As the new century, today, we see a greatly altered family landscape in which dual-income and single parents families outnumber the ascendant two-parent, one-earner in the household. There is more single parent families nowadays. So they would be taking on the roles as the breadwinner and home maker. But its not just women doing this, there is a lot of men as single parents and broken families that have to take on these roles. So a lot has changed over the years. And there is more and more working parents. Gender role and inquality is not just geared towards women but also men. As much as women face inqualities, ther are many aspects about the world that’s is unfair towards men. The question remains, â€Å"will men and women ever be found equal? † My answer, no. Men and women are simply too different to be considered be treated the same. Yes, I do believe that men and women should be paid the same, and given equal and all opportunity, but as far as the biological sense goes men and women have two completely different biological makeup. It is scientifically true that women are more nurturing whereas men are found to be much more competitive and aggressive. That is not to say that those traits can not be mixed upon the two genders, but there is still too much that keeps gender separate. In some culturals, gender inequality will never change for most. The women are to stay at home, raise the family and do the household chores. In some of theses culturals domestic violence accurs and the women keep quiet about it because they cant leave because its discrimmination to their society and most culutrals don’t allow women to get a divorce. Many developing countries including India have displayed gender inequalit in education, employment and health. It is common to find girls and women suffering from high mortality rates. India has witnessed gender inquality from its early history due to its socio-ecnomic and religious practices that resulted in a wide gap between the position of men and women in the society. Gender inquality has an adverse impact on development goals and reduces ecnomic groth. It hampers the overall well being, because blocking women from participation in social polical and ecnomic activties can adversely affect th whole society. Discrimination also plays out with networking and in preferential treatment within the economic market. Men typically occupy positions of power within the job economy. Due to taste or preference for other men because they share similar characteristics, men in these positions of power are more likely to hire or promote other men, thus discriminating against women. Discrimination against men in the workplace is rarer but does occur, particularly in health care professions. Only an estimated 0. 4% of midwives in the UK are male and according to cbs only 1% of all trainee nurses and only 2% of Secretaries are male. Women have increasingly been finding their place in a male driven environment whether it be in the office, politics, or in the cut throat world business and CEO’s, women have become more and more powerful in a man’s world. Needless to say, women have not reached the level of power that a man would have, but seeing as where woman stood forty years ago it is a step in the right direction. Over the years, gender role has clearly played a big part in the way that women are treated, whether it be being confined to the kitchen, or rendered to emotional to run for office, it seems as though society has built two completely different species of human to live amongst each other. It may sound drastic, but if men and women were to be more similar, there would be more chance for equal treatment. As unfortunate as it is, it seems as though society is at a stand still on where to go with gender inequality, and if there is no way to convince an entire generation to change they way they treat each other, then it might as well stay that way. Unfortunately society is way too stubborn to be able to change its ways about said subject. All that being said, we have come a great deal over the years, and maybe one day we can point that everyone can agree on.

Civil engineering design Construction and Maintance Essay

The work of civil engineers is visible across the environment we live in. The main purpose of this essay is to assist students have a better understanding of the civil engineering as a scientific field. In this essay I will make an analysis of civil engineering meaning and the specifics of civil engineering in all aspects. I will specifically examine civil engineering at Michigan State University and the courses required in this major. I will also make an analysis of how writing is important in the civil engineering field. The contribution of civil engineers to the society will also be included. The different career paths a student can pursue when majoring in civil engineering and the salary of civil engineers will be reviewed last. But before going into that, I am going to give you background information of what made me interested in majoring in civil engineering. Background Information, Why I Chose Civil Engineering as my Major? I believe that the best way every student should consider while choosing their major is making a choice of what they love. This is what I exactly did. When I was young, I marveled at how the buildings stood majestically. The thought of buildings designs and the dynamics involved in the construction really fascinated me. While I grew up I realized all this was a civil engineers’ work. Since middle school the idea of studying civil engineering in college stuck in my mind. The more literature I reviewed about civil engineering, the more I loved it. The thought of planning and designing on paper and then seeing the results is very rewarding to me. The History of Civil Engineering Engineering is one of life’s aspects that have existed since the origin of humans. Thousands of years ago, humans hunted and gathered for food. There was no urgency to build shelter as they were always on the move. Later on, people began to get acquainted new ways of getting food. They learned how to plant fruits and vegetables and how to domesticate animals. As a result, they did not need to move all the time and they needed homes. They started by building tents but gradually they learned how to use the available natural resources like stone, wood, and vegetable fiber to build stronger and more convenient homesCITATION Fon01 p 21 l 1033 (Font, Criswell and Grigg 21). They also began to build roads and bridges to make it easy to move from place to place. In modern day, houses, buildings, bridges and other structures construction occurs from the skills passed by our ancestors where they constructed stable buildings (Salvadori 11). Theses skills that are needed to build safe str uctures are the skills of civil engineers. What Does Civil Engineering Mean? The word Engineering by itself means the art of putting the scientific knowledge in practice and using it in practical life. The engineer thus uses his scientific knowledge to design, build, and maintain engines, machines or public works. While the word Civil is relates to ordinary citizens and their concerns. Civil engineering therefore refers to the science that applies scientific knowledge to serve the civic life in the daily functions through infrastructure. The Civil Engineering is the art and science of designing the infrastructure of the modern civil societies, the process of planning and design in addition to the establishment of various facilities and facilities that serve people is a civil engineering generally. These facilities include highways that connect cities to each other, and airports, and sewage treatment that protects our environmentCITATION Kos94 p 21 l 1033 ( Kostival and Mason 21). Civil Engineering Requirement at MSU There are 128 credits that a student needs to complete to receive a degree of Bachelor in Civil engineering at MSU. Students majoring in civil engineering must first complete the university requirement courses. After completing the university requirement there are six courses that a student must complete to apply to the college of engineering. These six core courses are EGR102, EGR100, MTH132, MTH133, CEM141, and PHY183. Completing these courses is not the only requirement to make application to the college of engineering; a student must also obtain a minimum required GPA of 3.2 and above. After that comes the major requirement, and there are 66 credits that will be obtained from these courses. After completing all of the major requirements, a student must complete 18 credits of the major tracks. There are seven tracks of civil engineering at MSU which are as follows; environmental track, geotechnical track, pavements track, structures track, transportation track, water resources track, and general track. For each track there are different required courses. Students must earn 18 credits from these tracks, 9 credits must be obtained from one track and the additional 9 credits must include courses from three different tracks (â€Å"Undergraduate degree – Civil Engineering†). The Importance of Writing in Civil Engineering I believe that writing is the basis for every course, and it’s important throughout college life. It helps in communicating our best knowledge in the respective fields we choose. Writing is quite a challenging task especially for international student; this is reason why it is important to enroll in prewriting classes as it improves writing skills. In the pursuit of our majors writing of research papers and case studies is mandatory. In addition to this, some exams sat in college entail questions that we must answer by writing short paragraphs. Writing classes is thus build the foundation of writing strategies that will help in the course of our majors. Why Civil Engineering is Important in our Lives? Civil engineering is an important part of our life, and the work of civil engineers is present in almost all aspects of our life. The electricity that we use everyday is provided by the constructions of the dams and power stations that require civil engineers. The clean water that we drink everyday is provided by the water and sewage treatment plants, which again require civil engineers. The roads that we drive everyday are also civil engineers’ work (â€Å"What is Civil Engineering†). The buildings that we live or work in are civil engineers’ work. Civil engineering helps improve the lives of millions of people everyday. Moreover, civil engineering gives shape and recognition to each society. For example, Many people when they hear of India, the picture that pops up in their heads is the picture of Taj Mahal, when they hear of Paris, they imagine the Eiffel Tower, and when they hear of London, they immediately think of Big Ben. The same happens when they hear of any other country or city; people tend to imagine the picture of the best-known landmarks or attractions in there. All these landmarks were built and designed by the help of civil engineers The importance of specialization of civil engineering can be realized through its definition. It’s a one the engineering disciplines that humans cannot live without it. The human need for homes to live in and be safe and protected from the summer heat and the winter cold. Humans need safety and the means of transportation to move between cities without noticing the long distance. Dams are a one of the examples that show us the importance of civil engineering of human beings. The importance of water resources and quality of human beings is the factor shows us how important is civil engineering for the community. Whenever the number of people in the community increases and there was a problem of limited spaces, this problem will not be solved without the presence of civil engineers. The civil engineer is the person who designs the foundations of safe buildings, builds the safe and economical towers; he is the one who ensures the presence of clean water and high quality of cities . The Different Career Paths of Civil Engineering There are a number of sub-disciplines of civil engineering. As I mentioned above there are six sub-disciplines of civil engineering at Michigan State University. There are many different branches from Engineering major. First, Environmental engineering, which interests on dealing with every aspect on the environment.   For example, environmental engineers work on constructing the water supplies that would protect the environment from water pollution and the consequences related to that such as where the waste of water would go as well as the solid waste and so on. Another branch is Geotechnical engineering. This deals with building the roads, tunnels, dams, and slopes using the rocks and the soil as the raw materials. Also, there is Structural Engineering, which is more in structuring buildings and bridges using other materials such as concrete and steel as the raw materials. Pavement Engineering is another one that is for the design and analysis of the asphalt and concrete pavemen ts. Also, Transportation Engineering, and this deals with the transit systems, designing highways, and constructing airports (â€Å"The Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering Degree†). When a student enters the workplace as civil engineer, he must go on to become certified as a professional Engineer (PE). â€Å"A civil engineer without this certification is limited in their authority. The PE license allows them the authority to sign off on all projects within their professional specialty† (â€Å"Becoming a Civil Engineer†). Salary of civil engineers The starting salary of civil engineering is relatively less than the other engineering disciplines such as computer engineering, mechanical engineering, and so on. However, the chances of getting a job is higher because civil engineers are always in demand as civil engineer’s job is important for the function of a society. Even with bad economy the society does not stop functioning, for example having bad economy does not mean that you drink poisoned water. Another reason that makes civil engineers always in demand is that the job of civil engineers cannot be outsourced, for example, you can’t build a bridge in china and ship it to the U.S. In comparison, other engineering disciplines’ job can be outsourced, for example, you can build a car or a computer in china and ship it to the U.S. (Buch). Conclusion Civil engineering is a worthwhile major and it places the individual on a career path that is definitely worth pursuing. It’s a major that give satisfaction to a person because he knows that he is helping the society and the people. Our modern life nowadays depends upon civil engineering. References BIBLIOGRAPHY Kostival, L M and John Michael Mason. Civil Engineering Careers: A User’s Guide for Awareness, Retention, and Curriculum Programs, Issue 347, Part 2. Transportation Research Board, 1994. Font, Darrell G, Marvin E Criswell and Neil S Grigg. Civil Engineering Practice in the Twenty-First Century: Knowledge and Skills for Design and Management. ASCE Publications, 2001. â€Å"Becoming a Civil Engineer.† Civil Engineering Careers. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2014. . Buch, Neeraj. â€Å"Civil Engineering.† Personal interview. 3 Nov. 2014. â€Å"Civil Engineering.† Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2014. . â€Å"History of Engineering.† Civil Engineering. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2014. . Salvadori, Mario. The Art of Construction Projects and Principles for Beginning Engineers & Architects. Chicago: Chicago Review, 2000. Print. â€Å"The Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering Degree.† Michigan State University, Civil and Environmental Engineering. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2014. . â€Å"Undergraduate Degree – Civil Engineering.† Michigan State University, Office of the Registrar. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2014. . â€Å"What is Civil Engineering.† Civil Engineering. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2014. . â€Å" Source document

buy custom Uniform Commercial Code essay

buy custom Uniform Commercial Code essay Introduction The Uniform Commercial Code a project initially by the American Law Institute (ALI) and the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws (NCCUSL) is a set of statutes adopted by 49 states to govern the business processes among merchants and customers. It was first formulated in the 1952 in the effort to harmonize commercial transactions in all the 50 states of the United States of America. It is so far the longest and most homogeneous act in use by several states. The law has seven parts each recognized in accordance to the mandate it carries. Article 2 deals with sale of goods while the Article 2A deals with leases of the same. I will discuss in details the role of Article 2 in the next paragraphs (John, 1991). The general construction of Article 2 Article2 (sales) has seven parts with each providing a set of guidelines on the artifacts of sales. It deals with the selling of goods, acceptance of offers and terms and conditions of the sale itself. Moreover, it includes the warranties which form part of the sale. It allows for an experienced commercial lawyer to come in negotiating for the sales persons. The section 2102 of Article 2, effective as from the first of January 1964, states that it applies to all transactions on goods only unless the context necessitates otherwise. It therefore does not apply to the security transactions and other sales definitions. Furthermore, it doesnt apply to the sale of services with the exception of a situation where the context dictates so. It gives the definitions of the elements that form part of the sales the contract relate terms and the related concepts considering the situations in which each is to apply in the business context .Its section 2103 (1) imposes definitions to the following sales terms: a) A buyer implies one who buys or contract s goods. b) Good faith is taken to mean the observance of the fairness c) Consumer has the meaning of an individual who either purchases or contracts to purchase goods. d) A consumer contract the deal between the seller and the buyer. e) Delivery is the volunteer transportation of the goods to the buyers destination. f) Goods are all that are movable at the time of sale or contract There are other definitions given by this section and the second, third, fourth and fifth sections of this article. More important is the view of the formation and determination of a valid contract. The definitions are important aspects in the realization of the laws. Contract formation There are guidelines regarding the contract formation that must be followed to the later as directed by the statute. Before the contract can be formed, goods to be transacted must be in existence and not just a tale or future plans. The sale of a part of the identified goods is allowed for. The quantity of goods to be sold is a choice left to the buyer and an agreement with the seller is respectable. These guideline and the definitions of lots (a single entity of sale or delivery) and commercial bulk (a single whole) in section 5 govern the contract goods subject matter. The contracts and agreements according to the context of the article are considered valid and irrevocable until the time state (up to 3 months being default) and must be appended a signature. The offer to buy goods by timely shipment attracts the approval by either timely shipment or by an agreement to ship. However, S2-206(1) provides for the alternative to have it not conforming to the goods in question. The termination of the contract is observed when either of the party pursues through the existing law to put an end to the contract. And cancellation is allowed if one party breaks a law governing the contract. Failure to state the price will not hinder the contract formation and a requirement contract assignment can be made if the sated assignment is not appropriate. In order to maintain the contract, there are rules that should not be breached. These include the provision for perfect tender, nonconforming goods, reasonable requirements outputs, security grounds and good faith standards (Perry, 2010). Contract breach The elements of a good contract include: offer, acceptance, considerations and capacity to enter into a contract, intent and legality. If these are not in place, the defender breaches the contract, the plaintiff performed all the obligations before making for a lawsuit or notified the defendant on the breach (preferably in writing) and there are damages then the contract is breached. The provisions for sale by a third party are provided for by the law. It considers the sale of minerals or materials to be removed from reality as a contract of sale of good as long as the purported present of sale is in existtence as a contract to sell. The law advocates for the existence of a recording as a notice to the third party. It requires that the sale of property must be approved by a notice to the third party under the buyers rights. It ensures that the contracts integrity is maintained. In an example let us consider a purchase of roofing tile. A seller has an option to get the tiles to the buyer or not. If the seller is not willing to do so, the buyer has an option to find the tiles somewhere else. The seller agrees to send the buyer 100 tons of tiles on 3rd March at $500 per ton. If the seller calls the buyer on the 15th of February to report that he cant produce the required number of tiles on time, the buyer is left with options. If the market price has gone up (say $800 per ton) and the buyer has to find another seller, he can go on with the purchase from the new company under the new agreement and sue the first contractor for the extra money he will pay for the tile. The original seller is obliged to make for buyers the cover. In the second scenario, the new company approached delivers the tiles at the time the initial company could have. The first company has a right to as well sue the buyer for failure to mitigate the damages. In this case the statute of fraud rules that the sale of goods that cost over $500 must be in writing comes in. the exception that is obvious is the case where a merchant is selling goods to another merchant and this transaction not being the first one they have had. Hence the contract must not be in writing. The Parol Evidence Rule is meant to prevent a party from presenting evidence to contradict what the writing says. It is allowed if the writing is incomplete, not the original, ambiguous, mistake or not true. If there was a mistake in the contract between the tile buyer and seller then the rule can come in. Section 2A202 of the Uniform Commercial Code provides for such kind of obligations. It also provide for the guide on what action to take in the case of frauds. Conclusion The Uniform commercial code was put in place to provide a guide on the transactions on goods. It has seven parts that cover the questions that can arise in the commercial businesses and their set of solutions as per the agreements set. Part two of this statue (Article 2) is intended to provide guidelines on the sale of goods. It doesnt include services. It has seven sections that provide for the definitions of the elements of the transactions as well as the rules to guide the sales of goods. Buy custom Uniform Commercial Code essay

Workforce Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Workforce Diversity - Essay Example The challenge of getting women and minorities into senior-level management positions is difficult. While the proportion of women and minorities in the workforce has increased significantly during the past decade, few of them have made it to the top. Along with shifts in organization demographics come additional competition. Some white male employees must now compete against people they did not consider rivals before--mainly women, blacks, Hispanics, and Asians. Even though they still control most of the managerial positions, many white males sense an impending loss of job entitlements. The transition from a workplace dominated by white males to one in which managerial and supervisory jobs are shared with representatives of other groups usually precipitates tension and conflict. The issue is further complicated by organization downsizing and restructuring--activities that add to the fear of lost opportunities. Contrary to some critics, black workers are still the last hired and the first fired. There is no conclusive evidence to support the assumption that white males are more productive workers than minorities and women. Qualified minorities and women are routinely passed over for jobs and promotions in favor of less qualified white males.

Questions in Theory of Computation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Questions in Theory of Computation - Assignment Example The binary search uses the divide and conquer algorithm. Dynamic programming solves a complex problem by breaking it down into easier sub-problems hence it solves each sub-problem once only, reducing number of computations and can solve optimization problems that would not have been easily sorted out through greedy approach since the greedy algorithm works in phases and at each phase, it gets the best at that instance with no regard of others. Backtracking tries different solutions till it finds a solution that is more suitable. Such problems can only be solved by trying every possible configuration and each configuration is tried only once. This describes the restraining behavior of a function when an argument leans to a value or to infinity and is used to describe a function according to their growing rates and functions with identical growth are denoted with the same expression A language is in class P if there is a deterministic Turing machine such that the TM runs for polynomial time over all inputs and for all values of the language, the TM outputs 1 and for all values in the language, the TM outputs 0.A problem is in a complex class P when there is an algorithm that solves it in a time bounded by polynomial of the input size, hence there will be an algorithm that will tell in a polynomial time whether a given number is composite S is NP-hard if, for every S ∈ NP, S, hence implying that S is ‘as hard as’ all the problems in NP while a problem S is NP-complete if it is NP-hard and it is also in the class NP itself. In symbols, S is NP-complete if S is NP-hard and S ∈ NP. NP-complete problem forms a set of problems that could be intractable or tractable. This is a case where it is not possible to check the validity of either a yes –answer or a no-answer in a finite amount of time. For the case of an asserted no-answer, the argument that establishes that can be no finite